|
Religious beliefs regarding the human body, human life, and life after death are often an important consideration for those contemplating organ and tissue donation or transplantation. Different religious traditions as well as individual beliefs within a religious community must be recognized and respected when having any interactions or discussions with people around the subject of organ donation or transplantation.
Research into the positions of various religious groups reveals the underlying attitude that unless the group has taken action to prohibit organ and tissue donation and transplantation, it is usually assumed that donation is permissible. It is encouraged as a charitable act that saves and/or enhances life; therefore, it requires no action on the part of the religious group. Although this is a passive approach to affirming organ and tissue donation and transplantation, it seems to be the position of a large segment of the religious community. Some groups have taken a more proactive stance in recent years, feeling that a resolution or adopted position encourages people to seriously consider the matter and plan accordingly. This segment appears to be increasing in number, with only a few religious groups actively opposing organ and tissue donation and transplantation.
The following summary statements regarding various groups' positions on organ and tissue donation and transplantation can assist you as you present information and handle question-and-answer sessions:
AME & AME Zion (African Methodist Episcopal): Organ and tissue donation is viewed as an act of neighborly love and charity by these denominations. All members are encouraged to support donation as a way of helping others.
back to top
AMISH: The Amish with consent to transplantation if they believe it is for the well being of the transplant recipient. John Hostetler, world renowned authority on Amish religion and professor of anthropology at Temple University in Philadelphia, said in his Book Amish Society, "The Amish believe that since God created the human body, it is God who heals. However, nothing in the Amish understanding of the Bible forbids them from using modern medical services, including surgery, hospitalization, dental work, anesthesia, blood transfusions, or immunization."
back to top
Assembly of God: The church has no official policy relative to organ and tissue donation. The decision to donate is left up to the individual. Donation is highly supported by the denomination.
back to top
BAPTIST: Baptists generally believe that organ and tissue donation and transplantation are ultimately matters of personal conscience. However, the nation's largest Protestant denomination, the Southern Baptist Convention, adopted a resolution in 1988 encouraging physicians to offer the option of organ donation in appropriate circumstances and to "…encourage volunteerism regarding organ donations in the spirit of stewardship, compassion for the needs of others and alleviating suffering". Other Baptist groups have supported organ and tissue donation as an act of charity and leave the decision to donate up to the individual.
back to top
BRETHREN: The Church of the Brethren views organ and tissue donation as a charitable act so long as it does not impede the life or hasten the death of the donor. The church urges its congregation to discuss these issues with family and clergy so the individual's wishes can be carried out at the time of his/her death.
back to top
BUDDHISM: Buddhists believe that organ and tissue donation is a matter of individual conscience and place high value on acts of compassion. Reverend Gyomay Masao, president and founder of the Buddhist Temple of Chicago, says, "we honor those people who donate their bodies and organs to the advancement of medical science and to saving lives." The importance of letting loved ones know your wishes is stressed.
back to top
CATHOLICISM: Catholics view organ and tissue donation as an act of charity and love. Transplants are morally and ethically acceptable to the Vatican. According to Father Leroy Wickowski, Director of the Office of Health Affairs of the Archdiocese of Chicago, "we encourage donation as an act of charity. It is something good that can result from tragedy and a way for families to find comfort by helping others." Pope John Paul II has stated, "the Catholic Church would promote the fact that there is a need for organ donors and that Christians should accept this as a challenge to their generosity and fraternal love, so long as ethical principles are followed."
back to top
CHRISTIAN CHURCH (Disciples of Christ): The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) encourages organ and tissue donation, stating that we were created for God's glory and for sharing God's love. A 1985 resolution, adopted by the General Assembly, encourages, "…members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) to enroll as organ donors and prayerfully support those who have received an organ transplant."
back to top
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE: The Church of Christ Scientist does not have a specific position regarding organ donation. According to the First Church of Christ Scientist in Boston, Christian Scientists normally rely on spiritual instead of medical means of healing. They are free, however, to choose whatever form of medical treatment they desire - including a transplant. The question of organ and tissue donation is an individual decision.
back to top
EPISCOPAL: The Episcopal Church passed a resolution in 1982 that recognizes the life-giving benefits of organ, blood and tissue donation. All Episcopalians are encouraged to become organ, blood and tissue donors "as part of their ministry to others in the name of Christ, who gave his life so the we may have life in its fullness."
back to top
GREEK ORTHODOX: According to Reverend Dr. Milton Efthimiou, Director of the Department of Church and Society for the Greek Orthodox Church of North and South America, "the Greek Orthodox Church is not opposed to organ donation as long as the organs and tissue in question are used to better human life, I.e., for transplantation or for research that will lead to improvement in the treatment of prevention of disease."
back to top
GYPSIES (Romany): Gypsies are people of different ethnic groups without a formalized religion. They share common folk beliefs and tend to be opposed to organ donation. Their opposition is connected with their beliefs about the afterlife, which is that for one year after death, the soul retraces its steps. Thus, the body must remain intact because the soul maintains its physical shape.
back to top
HINDUISM: According to the Hindu Temple Society of North America, Hindus are not prohibited by religious law from donating their organs. This act is an individual's decision. H.L. Trivedi, in Transplantation Proceedings (1990), stated that, "Hindu mythology has stories in which the parts of the human body are used for the benefit of other humans and society. There is nothing in the Hindu religion indicating that parts of humans, dead or alive, cannot be used to alleviate the suffering of other humans."
back to top
INDEPENDENT CONSERVATIVE EVANGELICAL: Generally, Evangelicans have no opposition to organ and tissue donation. Each church is autonomous and leaves the decision to donate up to the individual.
back to top
ISLAM: The religion of Islam maintains the principles of saving human lives. According to A. Sachedina, in Transplantation Proceedings (1990), "…the majority of the Muslim scholars belonging to various schools of Islamic law have invoked the principle of priority of saving human life and have permitted the organ transplant as a necessity to procure that noble end."
back to top
JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES: According to the Watch Tower Society, Jehovah's Witnesses believe donation is a matter of individual decision, Jehovah's Witnesses are often assumed to be opposed to donation because they are opposed to blood transfusion. However, this merely means that all blood must be removed from the organs and tissues before being transplanted.
back to top
JUDAISM: All four branches of Judaism (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform and Reconstructionist) support and encourage donation. According to Orthodox Rabbi Moses Tendler, Chairman of the Biology Department of Yeshiva University in New York City and Chairman of the Bioethics Commission of the Rabbinical Council of America, "if one is in the position to donate an organ to save another's life, it's obligatory to do so, even if the donor never knows who the beneficiary will be. The basic principle of Jewish ethics is the infinite worth of the human being and also includes donation of corneas, since eyesight restoration is considered a life-saving operation." In 1991, the Rabbinical Council of American (Orthodox) approved organ donations as permissible, and even required, from brain-dead patients. The Reform movement looks on the transplant program favorably, and Rabbi Richard Address, Director of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations Bio-Ethics Committee and Committee on Older Adults, states that "Judaic Responsa Materials provide a positive approach, and by and large the North American Reform Jewish community approves of transplantation."
back to top
LUTHERAN: In 1984, the Lutheran Church in America passed a resolution stating that donation contributes to the well-being of humanity and can be "…an expression of sacrificial love for a neighbor in need." They call on members to consider donating organs and to make any necessary family and legal arrangements, including the use of a signed donor card."
back to top
MENNONITE: Mennonites have no formal position on donation but are not opposed to it. They believe the decision to donate is up to the individual and/or his or her family.
back to top
MORAVIAN: The Moravian Church has no policy addressing organ and tissue donation or transplantation. Robert E. Sawyer, President, Provincial Elders Conference, Moravian Church of American, Southern Province, states, "there is nothing in our doctrine or policy that would prevent a Moravian pastor from assisting a family in making a decision to donate or not to donate an organ." It is, therefore, a matter of individual choice.
back to top
MORMON (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints): The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints holds that the decision to donate is an individual one made in conjunction with family, medical personnel, and prayer. They do not oppose donation.
back to top
PENTECOSTAL: Pentecostals believe that the decision to donate should be left up to the individual.
back to top
PRESBYTERIAN: Presbyterians encourage and support donation. They respect a person's right to make decisions regarding his or her own body.
back to top
PROTESTANTISM: The Protestant Church generally encourages and endorses donation and transplantation. Each denomination may have its own statement.
back to top
QUAKER: The Quaker Church maintains that donation or transplants is an individual decision.
back to top
SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS: Donation and transplantation are strongly encouraged by Seventh-Day Adventists. They have many transplant hospitals, including Loma Linda Hospital in California, which specialists in pediatric heart transplantation.
back to top
SHINTO: In Shinto, the dead body is considered to be impure and dangerous, and thus quite powerful. "In folk belief context, injuring a dead body is a serious crime…", according to E. Namihira. "To this day it is difficult to obtain consent from bereaved families for organ donation or dissection for medical education or pathological anatomy… the Japanese regard them all in the sense of injuring a dead body." Families are often concerned that they not injure the itai, the relationship between the dead person and the bereaved people.
back to top
UNITARIAN UNIVERSALIT: Organ and tissue donation is widely supported by Unitarian Universalists. They view it as an act of love and selfless giving.
back to top
UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST: Reverend Jay Lintner, Director, Washing Office of ht United Church of Christ Office for Church in Society, states, "United Church of Christ people, churches and agencies are extremely and overwhelmingly supportive of organ sharing. The General Synod has never spoken to this issue because, in general, the Synod speaks on more controversial issues, and there is no controversy about organ sharing, just as there is no controversy about blood donation in the denomination. While the General Synod has never spoken about blood donation, blood donation rooms have been set up at several General Synods. Similarly, any organized effort to get the General Synod delegates or individual churches to sign organ donation cards would meet with generally positives responses."
back to top
UNITED METHODIST: The United Methodist Church issued a policy statement regarding organ and tissue donation. In it, they state that, "the United Methodist Church recognized the life-giving benefits of organ and tissue donation, and thereby encourages all Christians to become organ and tissue donors by signing and carrying cards or driver's licenses, attending to the commitment of such organs upon their death, to those in need, as a part of their ministry to other in the name of Christ. Who gave his life that we might have life in fullness." A 1992 resolution states, "donation is to be encouraged, assuming appropriate safeguard against hastening death and determination of death by reliable criteria." The resolution further states, "pastoral care persons should be willing to explore these options as a normal part of conversation with patients and their families."
back to top
|
|
